Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs rescue HO-2 after Ang-II treatment. Immunoblots ( A ), quantifications ( B ), and bilirubin assay ( C , D ) showing that the Ang-II-induced reduction in HO-2 protein expression and activity in brain microvascular endothelial cells was rescued by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. N = 3–4. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; and HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Activity Assay

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs rescue Ang-II-induced eNOS reduction through HO-2. Immunoblots ( A ) and quantification ( B ), NO production assay ( C ), and qPCR for VCAM1 ( D ) showing that the Ang-II-induced reductions in eNOS expression and NO production and increased VCAM1 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells were reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. N = 3–7. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; eNOS: nitric oxide synthase; NO: nitric oxide; and VCAM1: vascular cell adhesion molecule.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs reduce Ang-II-induced inflammation by mediating HO-2. qPCR for TNFα ( A ), p50 ( B ), and p65 ( C ) showing that the Ang-II-induced increases in these inflammatory markers in brain microvascular endothelial cells were reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. **** p < 0.0001. N = 7–8. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and p50 and p65: NF-κB subunits.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques:

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs reduce Ang-II-induced Ca 2+ increase by mediating HO-2. Cytosolic Ca 2+ at baseline ( A ), at peak ( B ), and mitochondrial Ca 2+ ( C ) showing that Ang-II-induced increases in Ca 2+ , in brain microvascular endothelial cells were reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. N = 3–5. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II; angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; and FURA 2AM and Pericam: Ca 2+ trackers.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques:

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs rescued Ang-II-induced membrane potential damage by mediating HO-2. TMRM fluorescence integrated density ( A ) and representative images ( B ) showing that Ang-II-induced membrane potential hypopolarization in brain microvascular endothelial cells was reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001. N = 3–5. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; and TMRM: Tetramethyl rhodamine, Methyl Ester, Perchlorate.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs rescued Ang-II-induced mitochondrial ROS and H 2 O 2 by mediating HO-2. MitoSOX fluorescence integrated density ( A ) and H 2 O 2 production ( B ) showing that Ang-II-induced increases in mitochondrial oxidative stress in brain microvascular endothelial cells were reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. N = 3–5. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; mitoSOX: dye for mitochondrial superoxide; and H 2 O 2 : hydrogen peroxide.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: Protective Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids against Ang- II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells: A Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase 2

doi: 10.3390/antiox12010160

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCFAs rescued Ang-II-induced mitochondrial respiration impairment. OCR ( A , C ) and ECAR ( B , D ) show that Ang-II-induced changes in OCR and ECAR in brain microvascular endothelial cells were reversed by the SCFAs/HO-2 axis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. N = 50,000 cells per well/four different experiments. SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Ang II: angiotensin II; HO-2 I: heme oxygenase 2 inhibitor; OCR: oxygen consumption rates; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate.

Article Snippet: The anti-HO-2 antibody (#ADI-OSA-200-D) was purchased from Enzo.

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Preparation and Characterization of Nifedipine-Loaded Dry Medium Internal-Phase Emulsions (Dry MIPEs) to Improve Cellular Permeability

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091849

Figure Lengend Snippet: Emulsion droplet sizes after passing though the simple homogenizer and microfluidizer ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: The coarse emulsions were collected and homogenized 50 times at 100 MPa in a microfluidizer (NV-200-D, Nanomizer, Japan).

Techniques: Emulsion